Studylist for Test 3

refresh your memory on the EXTRAPYRAMIDAL descending pathways or tracts of the spinal cord
abnormal postures after UMN injury (decorticate and decerebrate)

we will now cover other parts of motor system influencing these descending pathways : basal ganglia and cerebellum

basal ganglia or corpus striatum - component of "extrapyramidal motor system"

location and components (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus)
connections
    input from cortex-thalamus, substantia nigra of midbrain (nigrostriatal pathway)
    output to same areas and extrapyramidal descending pathways discussed in spinal cord chapter
basal ganglia disorders
    Parkinson's disease
        what's wrong with the brain (death of DA neurons of substantia nigra), who it is seen in
        what are the symptoms
            bradykinesia
            tremor at rest
            rigidity
            flexed posture
            trouble initiating movements
            cognitive deterioration or "bradyphrenia" 
            Parkinson's disease dementia or Lewy Body dementia
       treatments
       medications
       deep brain stimulation
       experimental research: stem cell implants  

Huntington's disease
        what's wrong with brain (loss of neurons in caudate/putamen and cortex; who gets it)
        CAG repeats
        what are the symptoms
            chorea
            athetosis
            dementia
          treatments

Tourette's syndrome
        symptoms
        treatments
        correlation with other disorders

cerebellum
    basic anatomy
        cerebellar hemispheres covered with very convoluted cerebellar cortex
        vermis
        cerebellar peduncles
        anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes
    Functional regions and what kind of input each processes to aid in the control of movement
        archicerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)
        paleocerebellum (vermis area)
        neocerbellum (hemispheres)
functions of the cerebellum
symptoms of cerebellar damage
cerebellar dysfunctions
    drug-induced (e.g. alcohol)
    genetically based abnormalities in cerebellar function
    cerebellar lesion (damage)
    cerebellar tumor example: medulloblastoma 

autonomic nervous system organization
responses triggered by each division of the ANS
anatomical characteristics of each divsion of the ANS (thoracolumbar vs craniosacral)
how an outgoing autonomic message to body differs (anatomically) from an outgoing motor message
    preganglionic neurons
    autonomic ganglia
    postganglinic neurons
    difference in pre and postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic divisions
functional and chemical differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
    use of these chemical differences in drug therapies
ANS dysfunctions
    Reynaud's Syndrome
    autonomic dysreflexia
how spinal injuries affect autonomic function
spinal shock

brain areas influrncing ANS
Hypothalamus
    basic anatomy
    functions
    relationship of the hypothalamus to the control of the anterior and posterior pituitary
    basic functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary
hypothalamus as a component of the limbic system
other limbic system areas
best known functions of the limbic system