we will now cover other parts of motor system influencing these
descending pathways : basal ganglia and cerebellum
location and components (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus)
connections
input from cortex-thalamus, substantia nigra of
midbrain (nigrostriatal pathway)
output to same areas and extrapyramidal
descending pathways discussed in spinal cord chapter
basal ganglia disorders
Parkinson's disease
what's wrong with the
brain (death of DA neurons of substantia nigra), who it is seen in
what are the symptoms
bradykinesia
tremor at rest
rigidity
flexed posture
trouble initiating movements
cognitive
deterioration or "bradyphrenia"
Parkinson's disease dementia or Lewy Body dementia
treatments
medications
deep brain stimulation
experimental research: stem
cell implants
Huntington's disease
what's wrong with brain
(loss of neurons in caudate/putamen and cortex; who gets it)
CAG repeats
what are the symptoms
chorea
athetosis
dementia
treatments
cerebellum
basic anatomy
cerebellar hemispheres
covered with very convoluted cerebellar cortex
vermis
cerebellar peduncles
anterior, posterior and
flocculonodular lobes
Functional regions and what kind of input each
processes to aid in the control of movement
archicerebellum
(flocculonodular lobe)
paleocerebellum (vermis
area)
neocerbellum
(hemispheres)
functions of the cerebellum
symptoms of cerebellar damage
cerebellar dysfunctions
drug-induced (e.g. alcohol)
genetically based abnormalities in cerebellar
function
cerebellar lesion (damage)
cerebellar tumor example: medulloblastoma
autonomic nervous system organization
responses triggered by each division of the ANS
anatomical characteristics of each divsion of the ANS
(thoracolumbar vs craniosacral)
how an outgoing autonomic message to body differs (anatomically)
from an outgoing motor message
preganglionic neurons
autonomic ganglia
postganglinic neurons
difference in pre and postganglionic neurons in
the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic divisions
functional and chemical differences between the sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions
use of these chemical differences in drug
therapies
ANS dysfunctions
Reynaud's Syndrome
autonomic dysreflexia
how spinal injuries affect autonomic function
spinal shock
brain areas influrncing ANS
Hypothalamus
basic anatomy
functions
relationship of the hypothalamus to the control
of the anterior and posterior pituitary
basic functions of the anterior and posterior
pituitary
hypothalamus as a component of the limbic system
other limbic system areas
best known functions of the limbic system